Legumes are nitrogen-fixing plants that can improve forage quality, soil fertility, and sustainability in pastures. Clovers are widely used in the region and can be considered a simple and low-cost approach to enhance forage production and reduce nitrogen fertilizer input in operations. Frost seeding is a common practice that allows for the establishment of clovers with minimum equipment, less need for labor and does not disturb the soil. Frost seeding works on incorporating the broadcasted seeds into the soil through alternating freezing and thawing cycles, along with rainfall. For this reason, seeding timing is of the essence when utilizing this method for planting.
Keys to successful frost seed establishment
First, conducting a soil test and adjusting soil pH and fertility is essential. This is particularly important for clovers, which require higher soil fertility and pH than other forages. Selecting an adapted variety to the local is important, and high-quality, certified, and inoculated clover seed should be purchased. The quality of the seed will directly impact its germination and establishment and reduce the introduction of weeds into the area (Fig. 2). Then, the equipment must be calibrated, and the correct seeding rate must be used. When frost seeding clovers, the seeding rate will range from 6 to 10 and 1 to 3 lbs./acre for red and white clovers, respectively. However, the recommendation is for you to reach out to your local Extension agent or Specialist and discuss your goals in order to get a specific recommendation for your operation.
For frost seeding, most farmers will use a spinner type of equipment, and it is essential to check its distribution pattern during planting to ensure it is working well. Obtaining a good seed-soil contact is essential, and, as a rule of thumb, frost seeding clovers should occur from late winter to early March to allow for the proper environmental conditions to incorporate the seed into the soil. After early March, no-till drilling legumes into the pasture will provide a better incorporation of the seeds into the pasture since there will not be enough freezing and thawing cycles occurring then. Clovers no-till planted in March or later will have a shorter production cycle than those stands planted in Fall, so you should weigh the pros and cons of this approach for your operation.
Among the many benefits provided by the incorporation of clovers (Fig. 3), we can highlight the following:
- Contribution of up to 100 lbs. of nitrogen for the companion or following crop rotation.
- Provide soil coverage and reduce wee pressure, soil erosion and runoff.
- Improve soil organic matter, soil health and water holding capacity.
- Improve forage quality to support animal performance.
- Attract pollinators and beneficial insects and support sustainability and ecosystem services grasslands provide.
Written by
Liliane Silva, Forages Specialist
