Introduction:
With the rapid rise of media and its influence – including television, the internet, and mobile applications – society’s wellness culture has become increasingly oversaturated with information related to fad diets, trends, and presumed quick fixes. Amidst the overwhelming influx of “health-related” noise, it can be difficult to distinguish what is fact from fiction, often leading individuals to adopt practices built on misinformation, which may result in harmful or dangerous outcomes. Many popular media personalities and influencers promote “the next greatest cure” for conditions like diabetes, heart disease, and obesity; however, it is necessary to remember that often claims such as these are too good to be true. Achieving and maintaining optimal health takes time, effort, and commitment. For those who choose to engage in evidence-based practices (a term used to describe the application of practices within fields such as medicine or education that emphasize findings that are rooted in research), such as maintaining one’s health through a quality diet, regular exercise, and healthy coping strategies, these individuals will often achieve greater outcomes and are more likely to witness meaningful and sustained altered health behaviors and subsequent wellness-related benefits.
Nutrition Misinformation:
With the convenience and accessibility of search engines such as Google, and more recently, AI-generated responses like those from ChatGPT, a vast amount of information is at one’s fingertips, including content related to health and wellness practices. However, it is vital to remember that not everything found on the internet is true and from evidence-based sources. General search engine information typically compiles a variety of opinions, resources, and topics, which are aggregated and re-interpreted through AI to create a single stream of information. This can result in conflicting viewpoints and gray areas of information that blur factual perspectives, making it harder for individuals to discern what is reliable information for their health-related questions.
There are several reasons why an individual may seek out nutrition-related information or advice. Some may have been diagnosed with a chronic disease(s) such as diabetes, heart disease, or cancer; they may be seeking support to lose weight, or they could merely be looking to pursue a healthier lifestyle. Nonetheless, and regardless of the reason, it is essential to remember that when seeking nutrition-related content and information, food is fuel for the body, and there is no universal model for health that applies to every individual. For this reason, it is essential to work with professionals or find resources from reputable organizations, universities, or government entities that adhere to a standard for providing evidence-based information. It is also equally important to remember that finding balance and maintaining flexibility during one’s health journey is a foundational component of success. In the context of nutrition misinformation, it is essential to maintain a balance of nutrients, portion sizes, and dietary variety. This aids an individual in their journey toward improved overall health, which can help prevent, mitigate, or manage chronic diseases, as well as maintain a healthy weight and overall health status. Often, if one begins a health journey, leading with a deprivation mindset – eliminating multiple food groups or adhering to an overly rigid dietary plan with inflexibility – there is a greater likelihood they will encounter challenges maintaining and sustaining behavior change and achieving desired health outcomes.
As individuals explore and navigate through the vast amounts of health and wellness information available, one should be mindful of three key elements of nutrition misinformation – and misinformation more broadly. These include bias and distortion, extreme language, and persuasive or manipulative techniques.
The Three Key Elements of Nutrition Misinformation:
1. Bias and Distortion:
When examining and considering nutrition misinformation, it often originates from sources lacking a strong evidence base; this information may contain inherent and layered bias. Biased information can undermine the validity of shared information and ultimately transform objective facts into subjective opinions. Most often, regarding nutrition misinformation, it is common to find bias coming from the individual delivering the message in question.
Example: The Ketogenic Diet
The ketogenic diet is a dietary pattern characterized by adopters consuming a high-fat, moderate-protein, low-carbohydrate diet. Over the previous decade, particularly following the rise of the paleo movement, the ketogenic diet has become a popular dietary trend for individuals who are seeking weight loss or improved blood sugar control. While some evidence supports the ketogenic diet’s ability to aid in weight loss, it is more important to note that any caloric deficit, regardless of the dietary approach or behavior, is likely to result in weight loss. Regarding the ketogenic diet, typically those who adopt this trend are removing foods high in carbohydrates, such as energy-dense, ultra-processed foods like cakes, cookies, pie, doughnuts, ice cream, and candy. However, due to the diet’s restrictive nature, it is challenging to adhere to long-term. This may result in significant weight gain upon the discontinuation of practices following the diet.
However, despite its widespread use for weight and blood sugar management, there is sufficient and promising evidence that demonstrates that the ketogenic diet can have significant clinical benefits for those living with a diagnosis of epilepsy, especially drug-resistant versions of the condition. Medical Nutrition Therapy using the ketogenic diet as a tool for this population has been shown to reduce seizure frequency and severity, allowing those with the disease to have reprieve from their symptoms and can improve the overall quality of life for patients.
In relation to bias and distortion, it is not uncommon to see fitness or wellness influencers on various media channels sharing personal testimonials about the perceived benefits of following a ketogenic-style diet. They may highlight that they have witnessed weight loss, an improvement in energy levels, or enhanced physical performance. While these anecdotal reports can reflect individual outcomes, ultimately, the information shared should be considered cherry-picked. In this case, it could include a fitness personality that focuses solely on the perceived benefits of the diet, while ignoring the potential risks. The potential risks could include elevated LDL (bad cholesterol) levels, atherosclerosis (a hardening of the arteries caused by the buildup of plaque or fatty material), and an increased risk of cardiometabolic conditions such as heart attack, stroke, or hypertension, also known as high blood pressure. This is due to the elevated consumption of saturated fats, which often come from animal and (some) plant-based sources such as butter, palm oil, coconut oil, lard, and tallow.
Therefore, unless prescribed by a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN) for the treatment of a condition like epilepsy, individuals have limited long-term benefit from adopting a ketogenic diet. Instead, many may find that they achieve more sustained success by adopting evidence-based practices, such as creating balanced eating patterns. This may include consuming a well-rounded, whole-food diet of whole grains, lean proteins, fresh fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy.
2. Extreme Language:
Extreme and/or polarizing language is another hallmark used by those disseminating nutrition misinformation. Extreme language in nutrition misinformation texts often employs fear-based messaging tactics to persuade individuals to try a fad, trend, or dietary practice – frequently by exploiting the emotions felt by those seeking answers and support. Extreme language has the potential to undermine critical thinking in health-related decision-making and may lead individuals to adopt practices that are detrimental to their long-term well-being.
Example: Detoxification Diets
Another common dietary trend that has gained significant attention over the last several decades is the conversation around “detoxification diets”. This dietary behavior is promoted and marketed under the proposition that such diets can remove or cleanse the body of toxins that are responsible for damaging our short-term and long-term health. In the context of human physiology, toxins refer to substances produced by living organisms, including bacteria and waste products generated by the body. They can also include harmful ingested compounds, such as synthetic chemicals, heavy metals, poisons, or certain medications. However, the body has two highly efficient organs that are naturally responsible for detoxifying the body: the liver and the kidneys. The liver works to metabolize (break down) and remove fat-soluble waste and toxins from the body, which are then excreted through the stool. Meanwhile, the kidneys are responsible for filtering the blood and removing water-soluble waste and toxins, which are then excreted through urine. Working together, these organs continuously remove waste and naturally detoxify the body, eliminating the need for supplemental cleanses or restrictive dietary practices.
However, in relation to nutrition misinformation, “toxins” and “detox diets” often serve as buzzwords in messaging designed to capture the attention of a prospective audience. From there, disseminators of misinformation may share subjective testimonials from individuals who have participated in this dietary practice, which reinforces the idea of bias discussed previously. The appeal of the detoxification diet lies in its quick-fix messaging: those who purport benefit or advertise detox diets include language claiming that the body is overwhelmed by “junk”, and that removing the “junk” will reverse health issues and bypass the need for the long-term work associated with maintaining optimal health. For many, this may include the utilization of juice cleanses, water cleanses, or intermittent fasting. While these dietary practices can produce short-term effects, such as weight loss and gastrointestinal changes, they are unsustainable, and there is limited evidence demonstrating their effectiveness or safety.
3. Persuasive or Manipulative Techniques:
Persuasive or manipulative techniques are the final key indicators of misinformation that individuals should be mindful of when evaluating nutrition-related sources. These techniques prey on the desire of people seeking information to improve their quality of life, yet they apply their information as absolute truths, with no variance or room for alternative perspectives, scientific discussion, or nuance. Much of the content found in nutrition misinformation sources involves cherry-picking data and the use of anecdotal opinions framed as unquestionable facts. Additionally, it is also common for purveyors of this type of misinformation practice to share conspiracy theories (such as “anti-big pharma” rhetoric) to build distrust of evidence-based practices often found in Western medicine and the scientific community.
The danger of these techniques lies in their ability to intertwine the other two components of misinformation – bias, distortion, and extreme language. Working together, these tactics create an echo chamber of ideals that discourages critical thinking, which ultimately leads to the adoptee discrediting anyone who goes against the purported ideology.
Example: “Natural” Wellness, and Alternative or Complementary Supplement Practices
A frequent topic highlighted in the world of nutrition misinformation involving persuasive or manipulative techniques is the conversation around products or foods being labeled as “natural” or “clean,” and the assumption that this implies they are better for one’s body. This discussion is often found around conversations involving herbs/spices/teas and supplements as an alternative to modern medicine techniques in the treatment of disease(s) such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer.
Following a diagnosis of a condition like diabetes, patients often feel motivated to improve their health through behaviors that may include adopting healthier dietary practices, increasing physical activity, adhering to medication regimens, monitoring blood sugar levels, and employing healthy coping strategies. In this process, as individuals work to improve their health, it is not uncommon for them to desire to limit their medication usage and seek “natural” solutions to their disease management. This is also due to the influx of subjective opinions about certain medicines and their perceived side effects. These conversations often criticize the pharmaceutical industry and include claims that medicine may be exacerbating one’s condition.
Common herbs and supplements used by the diabetes community include cinnamon, berberine, bitter melon, fenugreek, and milk thistle. For more information on cinnamon and diabetes, read the Can Cinnamon Cure Diabetes: HGIC 4390 factsheet.
While preliminary research on some of these herbs, plants, or compounds suggests that they may have an insulin-sensitizing or glucose-lowering effect, individuals with diabetes should exercise caution. Often, the findings in studies that affirm the use of these supplements in treating chronic disease are limited in scope and lack sufficient evidence to support a comprehensive scientific conclusion that can be used by physicians to support their patients. It is also important to note that supplements are not subject to the same oversight and testing as the pharmaceutical industry. This means that a supplement’s purity, potency, and dosage can vary from one supplement product to another, which can potentially jeopardize the health of the individual taking the supplement. Since many of these plants have some evidence suggesting they may act as natural insulin sensitizers, taking them in combination with another diabetes-related medicine could potentially cause blood sugar levels to drop too low, which is dangerous and requires timely treatment. It is important to always consult with one’s physician before including any complementary or alternative medicinal practice, such as herbs and supplements, into one’s diet.
Additionally, while those sharing misinformation about supplements may discuss the perceived benefits they have experienced, it is essential to recognize that just because something is labeled as “natural” does not necessarily make it safe. Many herbal tea blends or supplements that combine a variety of vitamins, minerals or nutrients could potentially put one at risk for drug-nutrient interactions. A commonly used example of this in the nutrition world involves individuals who have been prescribed Warfarin (an anticoagulant/blood thinner prescribed to individuals who have had a cardiac event like a heart attack, deep vein thrombosis, or atrial fibrillation) and vitamin K. Warfarin specifically works to inhibit the utilization of vitamin K in the activation of clotting factors. However, for individuals with a diagnosis of diabetes, leafy greens (a great source of vitamin K) are also foods that are non-starchy and nutrient-dense. Because of this, it is imperative that individuals who are prescribed a drug like Warfarin speak to and seek support from an expert, such as a registered dietitian nutritionist, who can help tailor their diet to their unique healthcare needs.
How to Find Credible Nutrition Information:
How can a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN) help me on my health journey?
Example: Consider a topic on a wellness change or trend for diabetes self-management – it is important to ask oneself:
- Who is the most qualified to answer the questions?
- Do they need to hold a credential, such as a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN), to provide nutrition-related information?
a. OR a Certified Personal Trainer (CPT) for exercise-related content?
b. OR a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) for mental health concerns?
If one has a chronic disease diagnosis like diabetes, cancer, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, or heart disease, then it is in one’s interest to work with a professional. Chronic diseases are incredibly individualized conditions that vary from person to person. Professionals can tailor a care plan to meet an individual’s unique health needs, taking into account other lifestyle factors, cultural norms, and personal preferences.
Working with a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist:
Working with a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN) can provide individuals with access to expert guidance in nutrition and related behaviors that is grounded in evidence-based information and research. RDNs are certified by the Commission on Dietetic Registration and are licensed in their state of practice. RDNs are required to complete an advanced degree from an accredited university, in addition to completing a dietetic internship, which applies the knowledge learned in the classroom to practice under expert supervision. From there, RDNs must pass an official exam with the Commission on Dietetic Registration before becoming licensed. Registered dietitians can provide medical nutrition therapy (MNT), which is often considered the foundation of a registered dietitian nutritionist’s practice. Using evidence-based resources, a RDN is able to craft and create a unique dietary healthcare plan that meets an individual’s unique nutrition needs, including calories, carbohydrates, protein, and fat; address dietary behaviors for the alleviation of chronic disease symptoms and risks; and provide guidance on cultural foods that feel relevant, realistic, and attainable for their patient.
However, if choosing to research independently, look for information from reputable sources.
Make sure the source is credible:
Look for information on these sites:
- Websites containing the ending “.gov” or “.edu” – (.gov sites indicate a government site or institution, while a .edu site indicates an educational entity such as a college or university)
- National or Worldwide Organizations/Entities
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) – www.usda.gov
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – www.cdc.gov
- World Health Organization (WHO) – www.who.int
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) – www.nih.gov
- Hospital Entities/Medical Schools
- Mayo Clinic
- Cleveland Clinic
- Harvard Medical School
- Cooperative Extension resources, such as those from Clemson University, NC State University, and the University of Georgia
Evaluate the information:
- Is there bias? (i.e., a paid influencer promoting a product)
- Is there extreme language? (claims that are being presented as absolute truth)
- Are there manipulative techniques being shared? (claims being made which instill fear or persuade an individual to adopt a practice)
Conclusion:
Today’s society is fortunate to benefit from the wealth of information that is available at our fingertips. While the accessibility of information can be powerful and beneficial, it is imperative that individuals exercise caution and discernment when accessing and applying information related to health and wellness. It is essential to learn how to identify and evaluate sources, as well as to recognize key indicators that may compromise a source’s potential credibility, particularly when it comes to nutrition-related health information.
Before taking any health, advice or implementing dietary changes, it is necessary to ensure that the behavior or lifestyle advice is evidence-based and factually sound. Consulting with one’s doctor or a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN) is one of the best ways to verify the safety and efficacy of a nutrition trend or practice. Doing so provides a safeguard that prevents an individual from implementing a potentially dangerous practice built on nutrition misinformation.
Misguided practices can derail progress and steer one further from their goals by encouraging dietary choices and behaviors that are counterintuitive to one’s true needs. Taking the time to seek professional guidance from a physician or RDN can ultimately protect and promote an individual’s long-term health and save them the headache of constant trial and error often associated with fad dietary trends.
References:
- Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. (n.d.). Registered Dietitian Nutritionist Fact Sheet. Retrieved October 22, 2025, from https://www.eatrightpro.org/acend/students-and-advancing-education/professional-information-and-scholarships/registered-dietitian-nutritionist-fact-sheet
- Bellows. L, Moore. R & Colorado State University. (2025). Nutrition misinformation: How to identify fraud and misleading claims. Retrieved from https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/nutrition-misinformation-how-to-identify-fraud-and-misleading-claims/
- Denniss, E., Lindberg, R., & Mcnaughton, S. A. (2023). Quality and accuracy of online nutrition-related information: A systematic review of content analysis studies Cambridge University Press (CUP). doi:10.1017/s1368980023000873
- LeWine, H. E. M. (2024). Should you try the keto diet? Retrieved from https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/should-you-try-the-keto-diet
- Lissens, M., Harff, D., & Desiree, S. (2025). Responses to (un)healthy advice: Processing and acceptance of health content creators’ nutrition misinformation by youth. Appetite, 206 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107812
- McBenedict, B., Orfao, A. L., Goh, K. S., et al. (2024). The Role of Alternative Medicine in Managing Type 2 Diabetes: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus, 16(6), e61965. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.61965
- Office of the Surgeon General, & U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2025). Health misinformation. Retrieved from https://www.hhs.gov/surgeongeneral/reports-and-publications/health-misinformation/index.html
- Purdue Global. (2024). How to know if a source is credible. Retrieved from https://www.purdueglobal.edu/blog/online-learning/credible-academic-sources/
- Seminole State College Library. (2025, Oct 14). Evaluate information. Research Foundations. https://libguides.seminolestate.edu/researchfoundations/evaluateinformation
Authors:
- Julianna Lyle, Rural Health and Nutrition Extension, Anderson and Abbeville Counties
- Julianna Mikolaiski, UPIC Intern, Rural Health and Nutrition
- Phoebe Covode, UPIC Intern, Rural Health and Nutrition
- Jenna Lynes, Student Asst V, UPIC Intern, Field Operations, Clemson University
- Jessica Lynes, Student Asst V, UPIC Intern, Field Operations, Clemson University
Reviewed By:
- Hannah Wilson, PhD, Assistant Professor, Community Nutrition, Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences
- Melissa Bales, Extension Associate, Rural Health and Nutrition
