HEATHER NIX
Upstate Water Resource Agent

CHRISTOPHER LeMASTER
Area Livestock & Forage Agent

As we move into the warmer months, ensuring cattle have access to fresh, clean water is a primary management concern. Many producers rely on surface water sources; however, this practice introduces risks, most notably Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs), which can have rapid and fatal consequences for livestock. 

What are Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)? 

 HABs include rapid overgrowths of cyanobacteria (formerly called blue-green algae) in water bodies. Unlike true algae, cyanobacteria can produce toxins that are harmful to humans, pets, and livestock. These blooms may appear as a “spilled paint” scum, pea soup, grass clippings, or thick mats on the water surface and can vary in color from blue to bright green to brownish-red. 

Effects on Cattle 

Cyanobacteria can produce over 1,000 types of poisonous compounds, known as cyanotoxins, which are released when the cells die and rupture. Cyanotoxins can attack the skin, liver, cells, or nervous system and can produce symptoms within minutes, days, or months following exposure. Health impacts depend on specific cyanotoxin(s), concentration, route of exposure (ingestion, contact, etc.), and length of exposure. Symptoms can vary widely, in livestock watch for skin rash or increased sensitivity to sun exposure, diarrhea, weakness, respiratory distress, muscle tremors, premature births, or fetal death.  

Prime Conditions for HAB Growth 

Cyanobacteria thrive when environmental conditions provide a “perfect storm” for growth: 

• Stagnant Water: Still or low-flow water, such as farm ponds or backwater areas. 

• Nutrient Rich: High levels of phosphorus and nitrogen, possibly from fertilizer runoff or direct manure input. 

• Warm Temperatures: Prolonged sunlight and warm water temperatures (above 77ºF) during warm weather. 

How to Monitor for HABs 

In 2025, the South Carolina Department of Environmental Services (SCDES) issued its first Recreational Watch after identifying toxin-producing HAB species in Lake Hartwell on April 30th, with the latest Recreational Advisory issued for Lake Thurmond on November 25th. Because of this wide window, producers should regularly inspect ponds and other water sources, especially on the downwind pond edges where wind and waves concentrate the blooms. 

• The Stick Test: If you can lift the algae out of the water with a stick, it is likely non-toxic filamentous algae. If it breaks apart and cannot be lifted or coats the stick like paint, it may be cyanobacteria. 

• The Jar Test: Place a water sample in a clear jar and refrigerate it overnight. If the algae floats to the surface, it is a strong indicator of cyanobacteria. 

• Submit a Sample: A Clemson University lab can confirm identification and provide management recommendations for $20 (in-state); samples can be dropped off at any county Extension office. Results typically take 7-10 business days. See Submitting an Algae Sample for Identification (https://hgic.clemson.edu/factsheet/submitting-an-algae-sample-for-identification/) for more information.  

Action Steps: Response and Recovery 

If you suspect a bloom is present, take immediate action to protect your herd: 

1. Remove Animals (and People): Immediately exclude livestock from the suspected water source using temporary fencing or by moving the herd to a different pasture. 

2. Provide Alternative Water: Ensure animals have access to a clean, reliable supply, such as well water or a municipal source. Note: Be aware that even “clean” sources can become contaminated if equipment (troughs, hoses, or buckets) has been exposed to the bloom. Be sure water (in troughs) is regularly refreshed and thoroughly clean and flush any shared infrastructure. 

3. Report to the Clemson HAB Response Team: Contact your local Livestock or Water Resource Agent immediately. Our statewide response team can assist with rapid sampling and positive identification to determine if the bloom is toxic. Having pictures of the pond (or water source) and a water sample (including potential HAB growth) may be helpful. 

References 

• Do It Yourself: Visual Indicators, Stick Test, and Jar Test for Cyanobacteria. (2022). Nix HB, Hains J, Sahoo D, & White SA. HGIC 1899. Home & Garden Information Center by Clemson Extension. https://hgic.clemson.edu/factsheet/do-it-yourself-visual-indicators-stick-test-and-jar-test-for-cyanobacteria/ 

• Harmful Algal Blooms: Prevention, Response, and Avoidance Manual (2023). Nix, H., Sahoo, D., White, S. A., Hains, J., & Busari, I. Clemson Cooperative Extension. https://dc.statelibrary.sc.gov/entities/publication/1daac8c5-90c7-4c58-a1f4-7189188c085a 

• Livestock Ponds in South Carolina. (2023). Davis RH, Nix HB, White SA, & Smith WB. LGP1156. Clemson University Land-Grant Press. https://lgpress.clemson.edu/publication/livestock-ponds-in-south-carolina/  

• Livestock Water Quality. Clemson University Land-Grant Press. 

• Submitting an Algae Sample for Identification. (2025). Nix HB, Hains J, Williamson M, & Low D. HGIC 1889. Home & Garden Information Center by Clemson Extension. https://hgic.clemson.edu/factsheet/submitting-an-algae-sample-for-identification/ 

Photo Credit: Emily Bores, SCDES 

The H5N1 assists extension professionals in maintaining their role as trusted messengers by keeping them up to date on research based H5N1 information. The project also provides agents with uniform key messages, adjusted recommendations as conditions change, and simple, easily adopted measures to help reduce the spread of H5N1. Tina Horn, York County Extension Livestock and Forage Agent is serving as the lead on this H5N1 EXCITE National Project Team.

The Extension Collaborative on Immunization Teaching and Engagement (EXCITE) is a national program of the Extension Foundation. One of EXCITE’s current projects is an H5N1 educational effort. Working with the National Center for Farmworker Health, CDC, and USDA NIFA, the EXCITE H5N1 National Project Team is providing educational resources and opportunities for extension professionals and agents working with dairy farmers and farmworkers. The goal is to increase their knowledge of H5N1 by educating them about human and animal health issues related to H5N1 and enhancing on-farm prevention practices to reduce H5N1 disease.

Tina Horne
Livestock and Forages Agent
State Dairy Program Coordinator
thorn@clemson.edu

Agribusiness Agent, Ben Boyles, was awarded a Mandela Washington Fellowship to travel to Ivory Coast in Africa in October of 2024. 

The Mandela Washington Fellowship Reciprocal Exchange enables United States universities to establish partnerships that broaden professional connections, foster lasting relationships, expand agricultural markets and enhance mutual understanding in Africa.

Boyles partnered with NC State Horticultural Science professor Dr. Carlos Iglesias to participate in the reciprocal scientist exchange program during the week of Oct. 5 – 12, 2024, hosted by Dev-Agri, an emerging Ivory Coast agribusiness company. They visited a series of project sites to evaluate agricultural conditions and discuss opportunities and challenges with Dev-Agri, the Ivorian government and smallholder farmers.

During their time in country it was evident that there is no shortage of opportunity for growth in the agricultural sector not only for the Ivory Coast, but the entire region as well.

“The Ivory Coast has significant potential for food production and could become self-sufficient, even supplying substantial amounts of food to neighboring countries,” says Iglesias. “There is an abundance of idle land, available labor, and demand for food. What is needed is capital to support technological and logistical advancements.”

Boyles and Iglesias look forward to hosting representatives from the Ivory Coast in 2025, to continue to build relationships and explore opportunities for mutual learning.

150 new and beginning farmers from across South Carolina (including York County) learned about organizations and programs to support their farm business during the full day SC Farmer Resource Rodeo that was held in January in Columbia, SC. Participants heard short presentations from representatives from over 35 farm-focused resource organizations to learn about their programs and projects, met one-on-one with organization representatives by visiting their information tables during the event, heard from an established farmer, and established connections that will help their farm business grow!

Haven Blackwell, 4-H Youth & Development Agent
Cherokee County

Hello! My name is Mallory Fulmer, and I am the new Newberry County 4-H Youth Development Agent.  I am from Prosperity, South Carolina. I grew up in Newberry County and attended Newberry College where I received my degree in early childhood education. After graduating, I completed my master’s degree in reading with a focus in early childhood literacy. I am so excited for this new opportunity and look forward to serving Newberry County as the new 4-H Youth Development Agent! I look forward to providing Newberry 4-H members with lots of exciting project, club, and workshop opportunities! Make sure to follow us on Facebook to see all the fun events we will have this year!

What’s Happening in Newberry County 4-H?

2025 is off to a great start so far for Newberry County 4-H. We brought in the new year with a new agent by hosting a NYE baking workshop for youth in our county. 4-H’ers got the opportunity to mix, measure, and decorate holiday themed treats to take home and share with their families. Newberry County 4-H also has two clubs that have started up this year. The Cooking Club and STEM Club, both being offered to clovers and juniors. This year in the Cooking Club we are cooking by colors. Each meeting we make a new recipe that is the color we have selected. So far this year we have made blue cloud bread and pizza roses! Aside from having fun with color recipes, club members are learning fundamental kitchen skills and cooking techniques. STEM club is also off to a great start. We have learned about the importance of strong foundations in buildings during earthquakes by designing and building our own towers and simulating earthquakes. At STEM club we love bringing science, technology, engineering, and mathematics to life by providing club members with fun hands-on learning opportunities. This spring we will be starting Embryology in partnership with teachers from Newberry County School District. We have had a blast incubating our own chicks in preparation for the project! As summer approaches we will have more workshop and camp opportunities. Be on the lookout for updates!
 

Travis Mitchell
Livestock and Forages Agent for Newberry and Saluda Counties
Director for The South Carolina Cattlemen’s Association

 
Livestock and Forage producers around South Carolina are certainly ready for spring.  The spring bull and replacement heifer sales are in full swing, as this always seems to be a very busy time of the year.  As we move into 2024, input costs in every agriculture sector continue to rise.  Producers will face many challenges this year as they manage their budgets to navigate the rise in input costs.
The South Carolina Cattlemen’s Association held its annual meeting and convention on February 2 at the T.Ed. Garrison Arena in Clemson.  The educational components of the meeting focused on the beef cattle market outlook and investment strategies during market peaks.  Scholarships and state awards of excellence were also presented.  The South Carolina Cattlemen’s Foundation awarded four scholarships to deserving college students.
The Saluda County Cattlemen’s Association will hold its 32nd Annual Replacement Heifer Sale on Saturday, February 24.  Over 85 bred and open heifers will be auctioned from Saluda County cattlemen.
The Saluda County Cattlemen’s Association met on February 6.  Participants listened to an excellent presentation from Mr. Matthew Fischer, Clemson Extension Ag Economist.  Mr. Fischer gave producers a look into market expectations as we move through 2024.
The Saluda County Extension Service will offer a CAMM Recertification course on March 6 at the Hollywood Ruritan.  Participants interested in attending can call the office for further details on how to register.  2024 marks the end of the recertification block for producers holding a Private Pesticide Applicator license.  License holders are required to obtain five recertification credits by December 31, 2024.  A recertification course will be offered on March 6 at the Hollywood Ruritan Building.  Please call the Saluda County Extension office at 864-803-1123 to register.
 

Lauren Venegas Black

4H Agent for Saluda County

As we enter the New Year, we have been busy with numerous activities, competitions, and events. Our monthly clubs have been meeting and doing multiple activities.

 For the month of January:

• Our after school Clubs made Valentine’s posters for our Nursing Home patients.
• Our cooking clubs learned how to make taco bites.
• Our Sewing Club started working on a reading pillow.
• Our Livestock Club learned about Horses.

School Enrichment:

• We are still partnering with Saluda Primary Elementary School to provide art to kindergarten – 5^th grade once a month.
• We partnered with Hollywood Elementary School 4^th grade to provide lessons on electricity and circuits through our Snap Circuits.

State Events and Competitions:

• Congratulations to Sarah Ann Crawford for being selected to compete in the State 4-H Presentation Contest.
• Congratulations to Makiyah Glymph on being selected as our Junior Poultry Record book Winner. She is now competing in the State Junior Poultry Record Book Contest.
• Congratulations to Sarah Ann Crawford on being selected as our Junior Wildlife Food Plot Record Book Winner. She is now competing in the State Junior Wildlife Food Plot Record Book Contest.
• We had several Juniors attend Junior Teen Weekend in February at Camp Long. Sarah Ann Crawford, Myla Long, Corley Jean Herlong, Caroline Berry, and Gillian O’Gorman. Mya Chapman also attended as a leader with the State Teen Council.

Upcoming Events and Projects:

South Carolina 4-H Engineering Challenge Overview
The event will be held at the South Carolina State Fairgrounds in Columbia, SC, on Wednesday, April 24, 2024, from 9 AM to 3:30 PM for youth ages 9-18 *. The SC 4-H Engineering Challenge began in 2012 and has grown annually to approximately 250 youth competitors! Youth who participated in this event reported increased confidence and knowledge in science skills. In addition to STEM-based
challenges for youth competition, there will be an interactive STEAM Expo from 11:00 AM – 3:00 PM.

4-H Poultry Project Offered
             It’s that time of year again to sign up for the 2024 4-H Poultry Project. It may be cool now, but Spring will be here before you know it, and the days will get warmer. With the current price of eggs, there is no better time to teach our youth the fun of raising and showing chickens. For the new or veteran chicken grower, this 4-H project offers youth the opportunity to learn valuable lessons in caring for and maintaining a flock in a fun and engaging atmosphere.
Raising baby chicks from day one to egg-laying age can be a rewarding experience for our 4-H youth across South Carolina. The 4-H Poultry Projects are open to all youth ages five to eighteen. Each county Clemson Extension office and 4-H Program will have registration information. Contact Steve Huck, Region Poultry Project Coordinator (chucks@clemson.edu), or Saluda County 4-H Agent at lblack4@clemson.edu.
             The 4-H Pullet Chain has been one of our most popular projects, and other than feed and shelter, it does not require an abundance of time or expense. Registration is open through March 3, 2024. Youth can order chicks in quantities of twelve ($45) or twenty-five ($85) to raise over the summer. Chicks will arrive in early May. This year’s breeds of chicks are Golden Comet, Rhode Island Red, and Barred Plymouth Rock. Each breed is a reliable layer. We encourage families to research before deciding which breed will be best for their 4-H project and as their backyard flock.
              Successful completion of the Pullet Chain project requires record keeping, showing at least one show, and returning a portion of the birds at the end of the project for auction. If you order 12 birds, you will return three birds to 4-H. If you order 25 birds, you will return five birds to a final 4-H Pullet Chain Auction, typically held after show season. Once the above is complete, the youth’s registration deposit is returned, and the remaining birds are theirs to keep for free. Proceeds from the auction help offset the cost of offering the project and all prizes/awards given throughout the year. Youth will also have opportunities to exhibit their poultry knowledge or showcase their 4-H project experience by participating in various educational opportunities leading up to the final show.
Also offered this year is the 4-H Laying Flock Project. The Laying Flock Project is for the youth who already have chickens at home and are not interested in ordering chicks from 4-H this year or they acquire them on their own by May 1, 2024. Participants have the same opportunities to show as those in the Pullet Chain. Participating in the Laying Flock Project costs $10 for 4-H members, and registration is open through May 1, 2024.
Youth registering for the SC 4-H Poultry Projects must also register and pay for their SC 4-H Membership at www.v2.4honline.com. The membership allows youth to participate in other 4-H projects offered for the year, including clubs, projects, and summer camps. The Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service offers programs to people of all ages, regardless of race, color, sexual orientation, religion, national origin, disability, political beliefs, gender identity, marital or family status, and is an equal opportunity employer.
             The 4-H Poultry Project, like our other animal projects, is a rewarding experience for young people. They learn responsibility and a vast array of life skills that will help them grow into versatile, well-rounded adults. 4-H animal projects, such as the 4-H Poultry Project, encourage the process of “discovery” of knowledge and solutions and build competence and confidence.
Youth must complete the poultry registration online to participate in the 4-H poultry projects. Assistance is available through local Clemson Extension Offices or online at https://www.clemson.edu/extension/4h/programs/ag-animals/livestock/poultry.html.

South Carolina 4-H Dairy Judging Contest
This event is open to South Carolina 4-H youth (5-18 years old as of January 1, 2024). Current 4-H membership is required for participation in this event. This evaluation contest will be held on Friday, March 22, at the T. Ed Garrison Arena, Pendleton, SC (1101 West Queen Street, Pendleton, SC, 29670). Please review the provided contest information below.
General Information
1. The contest check-in will be at 11:30 am, orientation is at 12:00 noon, and the contest will begin at 12:30 pm.
2. The awards program will be held after the contest.
3. All entries must be completed online by March 8, 2024. No late entries will be accepted. Corrections and substitutions will be accepted on the day of the contest. Refunds are available up to seven days before the event.
4. There will be a $15 registration fee for each individual or $45 per team (minimum of three, maximum of four team members.) Registration must be made online with a credit/debit card.
5. Any additional communication for the event will be made through the email address provided in the registration.
6. This event does not assume custodial care of youth in attendance. Parents, guardians, or chaperones must be present to supervise participants. Coaches will be responsible for providing meals/snacks for their youth.
7. Each contestant must bring two (2) sharpened No. 2 pencils as their writing instrument(s) and a clipboard/blank steno/notepad.
8. Direct questions to Tina Horn (Contest Superintendent) at thorn@clemson.edu and Heather Shultz at hkshult@clemson.edu.

2024 SC 4-H Small Garden Project
The 2024 SC 4-H Small Garden Project is now open for South Carolina youth registration. This project is a hands-on, environmental education program and a competitive, independent-study project that allows youth ages 5 through 18 an opportunity to establish, maintain, and harvest a small garden. The purpose of the Small Garden Project is to educate the youth of South Carolina on where and how their food is grown using hands-on, in-the-garden experiences.

Youth will set goals and plan activities and strategies to achieve those outcomes, even facing challenges. They will reflect on their work by documenting their skill development and learning experiences. They will give back to their communities through educational and service activities. Participating in this project will teach youth valuable record-keeping, financial management, and communication skills. They will ultimately become good stewards of the environment and gain technical expertise that can promote beneficial practices.

The cost is $25 for current 4-H members (non-members will be expected to enroll in 4HOnline for the 2023-2024 club year). If you would like to participate but do not have available land, your local Extension office may be able to help you locate a landowner or public space that could be made available to you.

Once youth register, 4-H will supply participants with a garden starter kit and other educational materials. Participants must plant at least two other crops of their choice. Participants will receive a printed project record book and newsletters/informational resources to help along the way.

Hurry! The deadline to register is Friday, April 5, 2024.

Contact your local Clemson Extension County office or visit the SC 4-H Small Garden Project Website: https://www.clemson.edu/extension/4h/program-areas/natural-resources/small-garden-project.html for more information and online registration.

 Contact your 4-H agent for more information! Lblack4@clemson.edu

 

Saluda County Upcoming Events

   

 

 

 

February 24, 2024  Saluda County Cattlemens 32nd Annual Heifer Sale starts at 12:00, Noon

February 27, 2024 – Saluda 4-H Livestock Club Meeting here at the office at 4:00pm

March 3,2024 – Registration Deadline for the 4-H Pullet Chain Poultry Project

March 5, 2024 – State 4-H Legislative Day , Columbia SC

March 6, 2024  – Saluda County CAMM Training at Hollywood Ruritan for 10am to 12.
March 6, 2024 – Saluda County Private Applicators Recertification for Recert. Credits up to 3 Credits Meeting at 1 to 4pm at Hollywood Ruritan in Saluda, SC

March 8, 2024 –  Deadline to register for the 4H Dairy Judging Contest.

March 22, 2024–  4-H Dairy Judging Competition in Pendleton and Dairy Spring Show. Also, deadline to Register for the 4H Livestock Judging Competition.

April 5, 2024 – Deadline to Register For the 4-H Small Garden Project
April 5, 2024 – 4-H Livestock  Judging Competition in Pendleton

April 19-24 – Nation 4-H Conference in Washington, DC

43 new farmers from across the state of South Carolina visited York County on September 28, 2023 to learn more about agritourism.  The workshop, coordinated by the South Carolina New and Beginning Farmer Program and York County’s Agribusiness Agent, Ben Boyles, allowed farmers to see agritourism operations first-hand through guided tours of 3 York County agritourism farms.  Farm stops included Tatanka Bison Ranch, Black’s Peaches, and Five Blossoms Farm.  Participants also heard from the South Carolina Agritourism Association and learned more about how to incorporate this type of enterprise into their farm business.